ABSTRACT
This study updates the geographic distributions of phlebotomine species in Central-West Brazil and analyses the climatic factors associated with their occurrence. The data were obtained from the entomology services of the state departments of health in Central-West Brazil, scientific collections and a literature review of articles from 1962-2014. Ecological niche models were produced for sandfly species with more than 20 occurrences using the Maxent algorithm and eight climate variables. In all, 2,803 phlebotomine records for 127 species were analysed. Nyssomyia whitmani, Evandromyia lenti and Lutzomyia longipalpis were the species with the greatest number of records and were present in all the biomes in Central-West Brazil. The models, which were produced for 34 species, indicated that the Cerrado areas in the central and western regions of Central-West Brazil were climatically more suitable to sandflies. The variables with the greatest influence on the models were the temperature in the coldest months and the temperature seasonality. The results show that phlebotomine species in Central-West Brazil have different geographical distribution patterns and that climate conditions in essentially the entire region favour the occurrence of at least one Leishmania vector species, highlighting the need to maintain or intensify vector control and surveillance strategies.
Subject(s)
Animals , Insect Vectors/classification , Phlebotomus/classification , Animal Distribution , Brazil , Climate , Leishmaniasis/transmission , Population Density , SeasonsABSTRACT
To understand the geographic distribution of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil, both the climatic niches of Lutzomyia longipalpis and VL cases were analysed. Distributional data were obtained from 55 of the 79 counties of MS between 2003-2012. Ecological niche models (ENM) of Lu. longipalpis and VL cases were produced using the maximum entropy algorithm based on eight climatic variables. Lu. longipalpis showed a wide distribution in MS. The highest climatic suitability for Lu. longipalpis was observed in southern MS. Temperature seasonality and annual mean precipitation were the variables that most influenced these models. Two areas of high climatic suitability for the occurrence of VL cases were predicted: one near Aquidauana and another encompassing several municipalities in the southeast region of MS. As expected, a large overlap between the models for Lu. longipalpis and VL cases was detected. Northern and northwestern areas of MS were suitable for the occurrence of cases, but did not show high climatic suitability for Lu. longipalpis . ENM of vectors and human cases provided a greater understanding of the geographic distribution of VL in MS, which can be applied to the development of future surveillance strategies.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Insect Vectors/classification , Psychodidae/classification , Brazil , Climate , Geography, Medical , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/transmission , Population Density , SeasonsABSTRACT
This study had the objective of assessing the differences in foraging activity of the predacious ants between two areas, one conventional and other with no-till agriculture systems. The research was conducted in two contiguous 1.5 ha plots in Dourados MS, Brazil, from February 2001 to December 2003. Each plot received 750 baits (Nasutitermes termites), 425 at daylight and 325 at night. The termites were placed on the filter paper, on the ground, and ant attack was monitored for 15 min, until removed. Sixteen ant species were found in the no-till system and nine in the conventional system. Baits removed from no-till were significantly higher than the conventional plots and were influenced by the sampling time, at day or night. The seasons of the year did not significantly explain the variations in the structure of the predacious ant communities in neither of the systems. The significant differences at foraging activity and ant richness between the areas indicated that the no-tillage system could improve environmental quality of the cropping and therefore, became an important tool for the integrated pest management programs.
O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar se a atividade de forrageamento de formigas predadoras em agroecossistemas varia entre duas áreas, uma com sistema de cultivo direto e outra com cultivo convencional. A pesquisa foi realizada em Dourados, MS, de fevereiro de 2001 a dezembro de 2003 em duas áreas contíguas de 1,5 ha cada. Como isca utilizou-se cupins do gênero Nasutitermes. Em cada área foram colocadas 750 iscas, sendo 425 durante o dia e 325 à noite. Cada cupim permanecia exposto sobre o solo por 15 minutos, ou até ser atacado. Foram encontradas 16 espécies de formigas no plantio direto e nove no convencional. A proporção de iscas retiradas por formigas no plantio direto (167 de 750) e convencional (97 de 750) dependeu do turno de amostragem. Nos dois turnos a proporção de iscas removidas por formigas foi significativamente maior no plantio direto. As estações do ano não explicaram significativamente as variações na estrutura da comunidade de formigas nas áreas. As variações observadas em atividade de forageamento e em riqueza de espécies de formigas predadoras entre as duas áreas que diferiam em sistema de cultivo, indicam que o sistema de cultivo direto acrescentou uma melhora ambiental, tornando-se assim uma importante ferramenta para programas de manejo integrado de pragas.
ABSTRACT
As aranhas são excelentes objetos de estudo para a avaliação da organização das comunidades animais e da influência do hábitat sobre estas comunidades. Contudo, para o entendimento da organização de uma dada comunidade é preciso o registro dos seus componentes (espécies). Para tanto, foi feito um levantamento das espécies de aranhas na região das cabeceiras da Bacia do Rio Paraguai. Foram realizadas coletas sistemáticas (guarda-chuva entomológico e transecto noturno) e ocasionais. Este esforço de coleta permitiu a descoberta de pelo menos 16 novas espécies, além do registro de 39 novas ocorrências de espécies para o estado do Mato Grosso. Foram coletadas 2114 aranhas (601 adultas), agrupadas em 206 morfoespécies de 35 famílias (sete apenas com indivíduos imaturos) e 105 gêneros, sendo que as estimativas estatísticas apontam para a existência de 290 espécies na área. As famílias mais ricas em espécies foram Araneidae (51 espécies), Theridiidae (46 spp.) e Salticidae (36 spp.), que representam juntas mais de 65 por cento das espécies registradas. A estrutura da comunidade apresenta alto número de espécies e baixo número de indivíduos por espécie, o que é característico de comunidades tropicais de aranhas. Comparando-se a distribuição das espécies no pantanal e na Amazônia Legal, vê-se que a influência amazônica existe já em localidades mais ao sul, como Cáceres (47 por cento fauna amazônica), aumentando progressivamente à medida que se prossegue para o norte (Indiavaí - 75 por cento; Reserva do Cabaçal - 82 por cento; Jauru - 86 por cento).
Spiders are good study subjects when it comes to the evaluation of animal community organization and of the habitat's influence over it. Nevertheless, the first step to understand the organization of a specific community is to record its species. An inventory of the spider fauna of the headwaters of the Paraguay River basin was carried out using systematic (beating tray and nocturnal transects) and casual samplings. As a result, at least 16 new species, as well as 39 new occurrences for the state of Mato Grosso were recorded. A total of 2114 spiders (602 of them adults), distributed among 206 morphospecies (35 families and 105 genera) were collected. Statistical estimates point towards the existence of a much larger number of spider species (at least 290) in the sampled areas. Together, Araneidae, Theridiidae and Salticidae, the most species rich families (51, 46 and 36 spp., respectively), represent more than 65 percent of the overall spider richness. A high number of species and a low number of individuals per species characterize community structure, a result that is typical for tropical spider communities. Amazonian influence, as depicted from faunal comparisons between species composition at Pantanal and Legal Amazonia, increases continuously from more southern localities, such as Cáceres (47 percent amazonian fauna) to northern localities, such as Indiavaí (75 percent), Reserva do Cabaçal (82 percent) or Jauru (86 percent).